• Indentation-driven fracture and residual-stress interactions unify brittle-ceramic behavior, explaining median/radial crack evolution, surface-strength degradation, and toughness assessment via indentation techniques. This framework is evidenced by median/radial crack systems, residual stress effects on dynamic fatigue and flaw growth, surface degradation under sharp indenters, and indentation-based toughness evaluation [1], [3], [14], [19].

• Grain size and crystal structure emerge as primary determinants of fracture energy and fatigue resistance in ceramics, supported by grain-size I, II experiments and alumina ceramic strength relations modeling [6], [18], [13].

• Crystal plasticity, dislocation motion, and orientation effects govern yielding and flow in crystals and carbides, illustrated by LiF dislocations, TiC, Mo, and dispersion-hardened crystals [2], [5], [7], [8], [9].

• Fatigue and dynamic fracture are modulated by load ratio, residual stresses, and dynamic effects, linking α-Ti fatigue, titanium crack closure mechanisms, and residual-stress-driven flaw growth [4], [10], [3].